Glossary of Conveyancing Terms
Act. A form of legislation passed by the courts for the government.
Addendum A supplementary and separate agreement to an original sale A legally enforceable agreement, for example a lease or sale. Afrikaans - Kontrak
">contract, and should it contradict the original contract, it is presumed to overrule it.Administration Fee The monthly cost that the bank charges to handle a An agreement between the customer and a bank in the form of a homeloan, whereby the property is used as the security for the loan. It is a legal document that pledges a property to the lender as security for payment of a debt. Afrikaans - Verband
">mortgage A sum of borrowed money (principal) that is generally repaid with interest. Afrikaans - Lening ">loan.Affordability Analysis An analysis of a buyers income, A person's long-term and short-term financial obligations. Afrikaans - Aanspreeklikheid
">liabilities and available funds, in order to determine their ability to afford the purchase of a property.Agreement of Sale Also referred to as the Offer to Purchase. It is a legally binding document signed by the buyer and seller, whereby the buyer agrees to buy a property from the seller, who agrees to sell the property to the buyer for a proposed purchase price and A clause that renders the operation and consequences of the contract as a whole dependent on an uncertain future event. A suspensive condition suspends the operation of the contract for a period of time, subject to the occurrence of a future event, and only if and when the condition has been fulfilled will an enforceable contract exist. In the case where a resolutive condition is stipulated, the contract is immediately binding and will remain binding unless the condition is not fulfilled. Afrikaans - Toestand
">conditions on which the sale will take place.Alienate The Alienation of Land Act 68 of 1981 governs the alienation (selling, exchanging or donating) of Land and everything that is permanently attached to it. Afrikaans - Onroerende Eiendom
">immovable property.Amortization Loan payment by equal periodic payments calculated to pay off the mortgage at the end of a fixed period.
Amortization Term The length of time required to repay the mortgage loan, expressed as a number of months.
Annual Percentage Rate (APR) A measurement of the full cost of a loan expressed as a yearly percentage rate.
Antenuptial Contract An agreement entered into by parties prior to getting married, they will then be married out of community of property.
Appraisal An estimate of the value of property, made by a qualified professional called an "appraiser".
Arbitration Procedure whereby parties to a dispute appoint an arbitrator, whose decision is final and binding, to settle the dispute.
Assets What you own. Movable and immovable property plus investments such as shares; and all other belongings.
Assessment The bank’s assessed valuation of the property.
Association Agreement An agreement concluded between the members of a close corporation, which states the contractual capacities of the members.
Attorney Allocation The specific attorneys on behalf of a specific bank who are allocated to do registrations on behalf of specific bank.
Auction Method of selling a property to a person who makes the highest bid.
B
Bank A financial institution.
Body Corporate The controlling body of a A development made up of sections, whereby all section owners are members of a Body Corporate. Each section owner is responsible for their own section. Afrikaans - Deursnee Titel
">sectional title scheme, responsible for the costs of upkeep and maintenance of the property.Bond See mortgage.
Bond Registration Fees Payable by the borrower to the bond attorneys who are attending to the registration of the bond at the A government department responsible for the registration of transfer of immovable property. Afrikaans - Aktekantoor
">Deeds Office.Bond Term The time period, over which you have to repay your home loan.
Borrower The person who applies for and receives a mortgage loan with the intention of repaying the full loan amount.
Breach Clause A condition in a contract, which obliges the parties to give the defaulting party written notice to remedy their breach of contract within a specific period (usually seven days) before the contract can be cancelled.
Bridging Finance A second loan that is collateralised by the borrower's present home allowing the proceeds to be used towards a new A dwelling, usually in the form of a freehold property, with a structure built on it for the use of living in it. Afrikaans - Huis
">house before the present home is sold.Building Loan A loan used to finance building.
C
">Cancellation Attorney This attorney attends to the cancellation of the seller’s bond and is appointed by the bank, which holds the current mortgage bond. ">Cancellation Figures Outstanding amount on the mortgage, interest and any other costs required to settle the mortgage bond. ">Capital Gains Tax All taxpayers are taxed by the government on the profit they make from the sale or disposal of an asset , such as property.Repaying the capital amount in addition to the monthly bond repayments. Afrikaans - Kapitaaldelging
">Capital Redemption Repaying the capital amount in addition to the monthly bond repayments.The amount of cash derived over a certain period of time. Afrikaans - Kontantvloei
">Cash Flow The amount of cash derived over a certain period of time. ">Cession A document signed by the borrower, ceding their life policy to the bank, as A person who stands as guarantor for a loan for someone else. Afrikaans - Borg ">surety for a mortgage. ">Clearance Certificate Issued by the relevant authority stating that the rates or levies for the property have been paid up to a future date. ">Close Corporation (CC) A business entity registered in terms of the Close Corporations Act 69 of 1984. A maximum of ten natural people can be members of a CC. It may conclude agreements of sale or leases in it’s own name.Cluster A A free-standing house on a plot of ground with its own Erf number. Afrikaans - Eiendomsreg
">freehold property in a development of similar houses, usually with good Collateral for the bank that a client pledges in case they default on their mortgage payment. Afrikaans - Sekuriteit ">security and limited access.Code of Conduct A set of ethical rules drawn up by the Estate Agency Affairs Board to regulate estate agents’ ethical conduct.
The amount of security provided to secure a mortgage bond. Afrikaans - Kollaterale
">Collateral The amount of security provided to secure a mortgage bond.Property used for business or office use. Afrikaans - Kommersiële Eiendom
">Commercial Property Property used for business or office use. ">Common Property It is all the land in a sectional title complex, as well as those parts of the buildings which are not included in a particular section or unit. Common property can include stairwells, lifts or elevators, carports, swimming pools, gardens, etc.See Professional Fee. Afrikaans - Eiendoms Kommisie
">Commission See Remuneration paid to a realtor by their client. Afrikaans - Professionele Koste ">Professional Fee. ">Common Law The law that automatically applies if the parties have not reached an agreement on a specific legal issue in the Offer to Purchase. The South African common law is the Roman Dutch Law. ">Company A trading entity that is commonly used for commercial activity and may enter into agreements of sale or lease in its own name.Condition A clause that renders the operation and consequences of the contract as a whole dependent on an uncertain future event. A suspensive condition suspends the operation of the contract for a period of time, subject to the occurrence of a future event, and only if and when the condition has been fulfilled will an enforceable contract exist. In the case where a The contract is immediately binding and will remain binding unless the condition is not fulfilled.
">resolutive condition is stipulated, the contract is immediately binding and will remain binding unless the condition is not fulfilled. ">Conditions of Title. Restrictive conditions limiting an owner's rights over their property, which are recorded on the property’s A document that gives evidence of an individual's ownership of property. It includes the following information about the property: names of the current and previous owners; a full description including it’s square meterage; the purchase price paid by the existing owner; all conditions restricting the use; and all limited real rights registered. Afrikaans - Titelakte ">title deed. They cover matters such as building limitations and servitudes. ">Consolidation of Debt Applies when a customer is paying off two products bought on credit and he chooses to combine both products and pay them off as one debt, possibly taking advantage of a lower rate.Contract A legally enforceable agreement, for example a lease or sale.
">Conveyancer An attorney who is appointed by the seller and is qualified to attend to the registration and transfer of immovable property from a seller to a purchaser and the registration of any bonds.Costs payable to the conveyancer. Afrikaans - Aktebesorging Koste
">Conveyancing Costs Costs payable to the conveyancer. ">Cooling-off Right A statutory right, recorded in Section 29A of the Alienation of Land Act, giving the buyer of a residential property costing R250,000 or less, the right to withdraw from the sale within five working days of signing the offer to purchase. It does not apply if the buyer is a company, close corporation or A contract between the founder and the trustee in terms of which the trustee is to administer the trust fund for the benefit of the beneficiaries. ">trust.Costs Clause Makes provision in a mortgage loan document, securing an additional amount lent, to cover potential costs, such as transfer and bond costs.
The credit history and current status of a borrower's credit standing. Afrikaans - Kredietrekord
">Credit Record The credit history and current status of a borrower's credit standing.Someone to whom you owe money. Afrikaans - Skuldeiser
">Creditor Someone to whom you owe money.D
Debit Order An instruction to the bank to debit your account monthly with your monthly expenses, i.e. your home loan instalment.
Someone who owes you money. Afrikaans - Skuldenaar
">Debtor Someone who owes you money.Also referred to as the Agreement of Sale or Offer to Purchase. Afrikaans - Koopkontrak
">Deed of Sale Also referred to as the Agreement of Sale or Offer to Purchase.Deeds Office A government department responsible for the The process whereby ownership of property transfers from the seller to the buyer via a Deed of Transfer. Afrikaans - Registrasie Van Oordrag
">registration of transfer of immovable property. ">Deed Office Registration Fees Charged by the Deeds Office for registering the mortgage bond and title deed.Failure to meet legal obligations in a contract. Afrikaans - Standaard
">Default Failure to meet legal obligations in a contract. ">Defect A A patent defect is a defect which is clearly visible on a normal property inspection and it is a purchaser’s duty to satisfy himself with regard to a property’s general condition prior to concluding a sale agreement. ">patent defect is a clearly visible defect. A A latent defect, on the other hand, is one that cannot be seen or ascertained during the course of a normal property inspection. ">latent defect is a fault or flaw that is not immediately detectable, or is hidden from view on inspection of the property. ">Deposit Money you have readily available that you use as part of the payment on your new property. When renting property, a deposit is an amount that you pay upfront and is used as security in the event that you cause any damage to the property while renting it. ">Domicilia Citandi et Executandi. Also referred to as Domicilium. It is the physical address a person gives for any legal documents and notices that might have to be served, it is the place where a person is deemed to be a permanent resident and may not be be a PO Box or Private Bag Address.Domicilium See Domicilia Citandi et Executandi.
">Down Payment Money paid to make up the difference between the purchase price and the mortgage amount. ">Duet House One of two separate free-standing or attached units that have been built on one stand.A sectional title unit on two levels with stairs. Afrikaans - Duplex
">Duplex A sectional title unit on two levels with stairs. ">Dwelling Any house, flat, apartment, room, hostel room, hut, shack, outbuilding, garage or demarcated parking space.
E
">Electrical Compliance Certificate A certificate, which is issued by a qualified electrician stating that the electricity installation for a property, from its supply point, is safe according to the Occupational Health and Safety Act. The cost of this and any electrical repairs that need to be made are for the seller’s account. It is legally required in order for the property to be transferred into the purchaser’s name.A note made on the title deed of a property by the Registrar of Deeds. Afrikaans - Endossement
">Endorsement A note made on the title deed of a property by the Registrar of Deeds.Entomologist’s Certificate Legally required in some coastal provinces before transfer of a property can take place, confirming that its structure is free of wood borer or termite infestation.
The value of a property an owner has over and above the mortgage against the property.
">Equity The value of a property an owner has over and above the mortgage against the property. ">Escape Clause A condition in a contract, when a buyer is given time to sell his property first, giving the seller the right to cancel the agreement if he gets a higher offer from another buyer.Estate When a person dies, all their assets and liabilities will be placed in their deceased estate, which is wound up by an executor.
">Evaluation A A person licensed to negotiate and transact the sale of real estate on behalf of the property owner. Afrikaans - Makelaar ">realtor gives an informed opinion on the market value of a property, commonly known as a comparative market analysis (CMA). ">Exclusive Use Area The owner of a sectional title unit can never become the owner of any portion of common property, but they can acquire the right of the exclusive use of a certain portion, such as gardens and parking bays. ">Expropriation Procedure where a property is taken over, usually by local authorities, for specific purposes in the public interest.F
The interest charged on a loan. Afrikaans - Finansieringskoste
">Finance Charges The interest charged on a loan.The primary lien against a property. Afrikaans - Eerste Verband
">First Mortgage The primary Where a person has improved someone else’s property or has incurred certain expenses in respect thereof, he may retain possession of such property until the debt due to him has been discharged, it is the right to retain possession. ">lien against a property. ">Fixed Installment The fixed monthly payment (including interest) due on a mortgage loan. It remains constant for a certain period, and goes hand-in-hand with The mortgage interest rate will remain the same for a specified term of the mortgage for the original borrower. Afrikaans - Vaste Rentekoers ">Fixed Interest Rates.Fixed Interest Rate The mortgage interest rate will remain the same for a specified term of the mortgage for the original borrower.
">Fixtures and Fittings Attachments to a home, which are deemed to permanently belong to it. If it is permanently attached, nailed or screwed into the floor, wall or ceiling, it is a fixture. ">Foreclosure A legal process by which the lender or the seller forces a sale of a mortgaged property because the borrower has not met the terms of the mortgage. Also known as a See foreclosure. Afrikaans - Terugneming van Eiendom ">repossession of property.Freehold A free-standing house on a plot of ground with its own Erf number.
Describes the transfer of full ownership rights to the buyer. Afrikaans - Volledige Titel
">Full Title Describes the transfer of full ownership rights to the buyer.G
">Guarantee A formal letter issued by a financial institution to the Appointed by the seller to attend to the transfer of the property into the name of the buyer. Afrikaans - Oordragprokureur ">transferring attorney, undertaking to pay the purchase price (or outstanding amount) on registration of transfer of the property into the name of the buyer.H
">Home Owners Assurance Insurance taken out to cover your property from damage caused by fire, rain, a broken geyser, etc. ">Homeloan An agreement between the customer and a bank whereby the bank lends the customer money in return for a security (mortgage bond) being registered over the property in the bank’s favour.House A dwelling, usually in the form of a freehold property, with a structure built on it for the use of living in it.
Householder’s Insurance Insurance against the loss of or damage to the contents or belongings of a residence.
">House Rules These are the rules governing the control and management of the property in a sectional title development.. ">Huur Gaat Voor Koop ‘Lease goes before sale’ – where leased properties are sold before the lease expires, the A person who occupies a property, but does not own it and pays rent in return. Afrikaans - Huurder ">tenant may remain in The date when the buyer is entitled to physically occupy the new property. Afrikaans - Beroep ">occupation of the premises until the lease expires.I
Immovable Property Land and everything that is permanently attached to it.
">Initiation Fee A once-off fee charged by the bank to offset the cost of opening the mortgage account.A person who is unable to meet his debts or discharge liabilities.
">Insolvent A person who is unable to meet his debts or discharge liabilities.Instalment The regular monthly amount that a borrower agrees to pay on an outstanding debt to a lender.
Interest The fee charged for borrowing money.
">Interest Bearing Account When attorneys and/or realtors hold money for clients, it is deposited into separate Interest Bearing Accounts, until these monies and interest accrued during this time have to be paid out to whom they are owed.Interest Rate The percentage of a loan that a financial institution charges, which is payable monthly.
A money source for a lender. Afrikaans - Beleggers
">Investor A money source for a lender.J
The total gross income of the mortgage applicants. Afrikaans - Gesamentlike Inkomste
">Joint Income The total gross income of the mortgage applicants. ">Joint venture An investment entity formed by one or more entities in order to acquire or develop and manage assets.A legal recording of a person’s inability to honour a debt. Afrikaans - Vonnis
">Judgement A legal recording of a person’s inability to honour a debt.K
L
The person who lets out a property to someone else. Afrikaans - Verhuurder
">Landlord The person who lets out a property to someone else.Latent Defect See defects.
">Lease Agreement A contract whereby the landlord allows the tenant temporary use of a dwelling, in return for payment, known as rent.A company, close corporation or trust. Afrikaans - Regspersoon
">Legal Entity A company, close corporation or trust. ">Lessee A person who occupies a property (also known as a tenant), but does not own it and pays rent in return.The person who rents out a property to someone else. Afrikaans - Verhuurder
">Lessor The person who rents out a property to someone else. ">Levy Levy is the owner of a sectional title unit’s proportionate share of the costs incurred by the complex for the month. ">Levy Clearance Certificate Issued by the body corporate of a sectional title scheme stating that the levy has been paid to a future date in respect of the property.Liabilities A person's long-term and short-term financial obligations.
Lien Where a person has improved someone else’s property or has incurred certain expenses in respect thereof, he may retain It passes to the buyer on registration of transfer, with all obligations and rights to the property passed to the new owner. Afrikaans - Besitting
">possession of such property until the debt due to him has been discharged, it is the right to retain possession. ">Limited Real Right A registered right over someone else’s property, such as servitudes and mortgage bonds.Loan A sum of borrowed money (principal) that is generally repaid with interest.
">Lodgement The act of handing in the necessary documents at the Deeds Office for examination and registration of transfer.M
">Mandate An instruction, authority or agreement given to a realtor by a seller, to market their property.Market Value The price that a willing and financially able buyer would pay, to a willing seller, for a property in a particular area at a given time.
">Married In Community of Property Parties have a joint estate and any immovable property will be registered in both spouses’ names.The date on which the principal balance of a loan becomes due and payable.
">Maturity The date on which the principal balance of a loan becomes due and payable. ">Memorandum This document forms part of the constitution of a company and contains valuable information about the company.A person who is unmarried and under the age of 21. Afrikaans - Minderjarige
">Minor A person who is unmarried and under the age of 18.Mortgage An agreement between the customer and a bank in the form of a homeloan, whereby the property is used as the security for the loan. It is a legal document that pledges a property to the lender as security for payment of a debt.
">Mortgage Originator An individual or company that assist buyers in applying for a mortgage, homeloan or building loan, with the different banks.The lender usually a bank, that advances or lends money on the security of a property purchased.
">Mortgagee The lender usually a bank, that advances or lends money on the security of a property purchased. ">Mortgagor The borrower, who borrows from a lender by mortgaging his property to the lender as security.N
The borrower's gross income minus tax and other deductions. Afrikaans - Netto Inkomste
">Net Income The borrower's gross income minus tax and other deductions.The person nominated or appointed by another person for a specific purpose. Afrikaans - Genomineerde
">Nominee The person nominated or appointed by another person for a specific purpose.A legal expression, meaning a final cancellation or lapse of an agreement without any legal effect.
">Null and Void A legal expression, meaning a final cancellation or lapse of an agreement without any legal effect.O
Occupation The date when the buyer is entitled to physically occupy the new property.
">Occupational Rent An amount paid by the person occupying the property to the party in whose name the property is registered, if the registration of transfer does not take place at the same time as the occupation date.Offer to Purchase See Agreement of Sale.
">Option An offer made to a person coupled with an undertaking by the person making the offer not to revoke his offer for a specific period.P
">Participation Quota Used to calculate the individual owner’s monthly levy in a sectional title, it is determined by dividing the size of each section into the total floor area of all the sections. ">Partnership A contact between a minimum of two and a maximum of twenty persons, to carry on business in common. There are no formalities required to start a partnership and it is not a separate legal entity. Partners are personally liable for partnership debts.Patent Defect See defects.
">Pre-approval Certificate Issued to you by a financial institution, it states the amount of the homeloan a person qualifies for.Possession It passes to the buyer on registration of transfer, with all obligations and rights to the property passed to the new owner.
Power of Attorney A legal document authorizing one person to act on behalf of another.
Professional Fee Remuneration paid to a realtor by their client.
">Progress Payments Payments made to the building contractor, by the bank, from the customer’s building loan account, as building work progresses. The assessor does an inspection and releases the retention accordingly.Q
">Qualifying Ratios Calculations used to determine if a borrower can qualify for a mortgage. They consist of two separate calculations: a housing expense as a percent of income ratio and total debt obligations as a percent of income ratio.R
">Rates and Taxes Taxes are levied on all property owners by the municipality. Rates are included in the levy if you buy Sectional Title. They are payable on a monthly basis and are calculated as a percentage of the value of the property.Rates Clearance Certificate Issued by the local authority stating that the rates and taxes have been paid to a future date in respect of the property.
See realtor. Afrikaans - Eiendomsagent
">Real Estate Agent See realtor.Real Right A right over or in respect of immovable property and registered against the title deed of the property.
Realtor A person licensed to negotiate and transact the sale of real estate on behalf of the property owner.
">Registering Attorney This attorney attends to the registration of the new bond into the name of the buyer.Registration of Transfer The process whereby ownership of property transfers from the seller to the buyer via a Deed of Transfer.
">Repo Rate A credit management tool used by the South African Reserve Bank to regulate customer spending in the country.Repossession of Property See foreclosure.
Resolutive Condition The contract is immediately binding and will remain binding unless the condition is not fulfilled.
A person’s credit worthiness. Afrikaans - Risikoprofiel
">Risk Profile A person’s credit worthiness.S
">Second Bond or Mortgage An additional loan on a home.Sectional Title A development made up of sections, whereby all section owners are members of a Body Corporate. Each section owner is responsible for their own section.
A register of sections in a sectional title scheme registered in the deeds office.
">Sectional Title Register A register of sections in a sectional title scheme registered in the deeds office.Security Collateral for the bank that a client pledges in case they default on their mortgage payment.
Two separate homes, joined with one common dividing wall.
">Semi-detached House Two separate homes, joined with one common dividing wall.When a creditor seizes assets to recover unpaid debt. Afrikaans - Gesekwestreer
">Sequestrated When a creditor seizes assets to recover unpaid debt.Servitude A registered right (as per the title deed) that a person has over the immovable property of another.
Share block A buyer acquires a share in a company that owns the share block scheme, which entitles the buyer to use and occupy a specific unit. A share block buyer never receives the title to the unit.
A sectional title unit on one level with no stairs. Afrikaans - Simpleks
">Simplex A sectional title unit on one level with no stairs.A property of maximum 20 hectares situated within close to a built-up area. Afrikaans - Kleinhoewe
">Smallholding A property of maximum 20 hectares situated within close to a built-up area.A tax imposed by the government.
">Stamp Duty A tax imposed by the government.Statutory Law Written law of the country.
">Subdivision Dividing of property into two or more portions, whereby a specific legal and technical procedure must be followed. ">Subject-to Sale A term used to describe that the sale will only become unconditional if and when the stipulated conditions are met.A housing allowance. Afrikaans - Subsidie
">Subsidy A housing allowance.Surety A person who stands as guarantor for a loan for someone else.
">Survey A measurement of land, prepared by a registered land surveyor, showing the location of the land with reference to known points, its dimensions, and the location and dimensions of any buildings.Surveyor General’s Diagram A diagram that shows sub-divisions, servitudes and expropriations.
">Suspensive Conditions Conditions written into the Offer to Purchase by either party that must be fulfilled for the agreement to become unconditional and legally binding.T
">Tax Certificate A breakdown of how much interest and insurance was paid, as well as total repayments to the home loan account over a certain period.Tenant A person who occupies a property, but does not own it and pays rent in return.
A property development where occupancy time is sold.
">Timeshare A property development where occupancy time is sold.Title Deed A document that gives evidence of an individual's ownership of property. It includes the following information about the property: names of the current and previous owners; a full description including it’s square meterage; the purchase price paid by the existing owner; all conditions restricting the use; and all limited real rights registered.
A general term for either a simplex or a duplex. Afrikaans - Meenthuis
">Townhouse A general term for either a simplex or a duplex. ">Transfer Costs Costs payable for the registration of a property and include A tax levied by the government on the transfer of land. If the purchase price includes VAT no transfer duty is payable. Afrikaans - Hereregte ">transfer duty, conveyancing fees, and registration fees.Transfer Duty A tax levied by the government on the transfer of land. If the purchase price includes VAT no transfer duty is payable.
Transferring Attorney Appointed by the seller to attend to the transfer of the property into the name of the buyer.
Trust A contract between the founder and the A person appointed to manage the affairs and assets of a trust. In terms of sectional title, the trustees attend to the day-to-day running of the scheme, which includes the collection of levies and the employment and management of staff.
">trustee in terms of which the trustee is to administer the trust fund for the benefit of the beneficiaries. ">Trust Account The separate interest bearing accounts used when attorneys and/or realty companies hold money for people, until these monies and interest have to be paid out to whom they are owed.Trustee A person appointed to manage the affairs and assets of a trust. In terms of sectional title, the trustees attend to the day-to-day running of the scheme, which includes the collection of levies and the employment and management of staff.
U
Underwriting The decision whether to make a loan to a potential home buyer based on credit, employment, assets, and other factors and the matching of this risk to an appropriate rate and term or loan amount.
V
">Valuation Fees The amount that a financial institution charges to assess the property prior to granting the finance that has applied for. ">Value Added Tax (VAT) Tax on goods that is levied on the value added that results from each exchange. If the seller is a "VAT Vendor", VAT may be payable and not transfer duty, or, if the Purchaser is a Vendor, transfer duty may be payableFluctuates according to the Interest Rate. Afrikaans - Veranderlike Koers
">Variable Rate Fluctuates according to the Interest Rate. ">Voetstoots “To sell it as it stands” without any guarantees given by the seller as to the condition of the property, the seller therefore cannot be held responsible for latent or patent defects. The property is sold "as is".W
">Waiver of Lien A legal document where a contractor waives his common law right to hold control over a property if he is not paid in full.X
Y
Z
">Zoning The purpose for which your property may be used, for example, residential or business as deemed by your local authority.
